求美国总统选举制度的英语文章简要介绍即可，-美国的选
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United States presidential election
The election of the president is governed by Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution, as amended by Amendments XII, XXII, and XXIII. The pres...
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类似问题
类似问题1：谁能帮我用英语写出一篇介绍美国总统华盛顿的文章?[英语科目]
WASHINGTON, George (1732-1799), first president of the U.S., commander in chief of the Continental army during the American Revolution. He symbolized qualities of discipline, aristocratic duty, military orthodoxy, and persistence in adversity that his contemporaries particularly valued as marks of mature political leadership.
Washington was born on Feb. 22, 1732, in Westmoreland Co., Va., the eldest son of Augustine Washington (1694?743), a Virginia planter, and Mary Ball Washington (1708?9). Although Washington had little or no formal schooling, his early notebooks indicate that he read in geography, military history, agriculture, deportment, and composition and that he showed some aptitude in surveying and simple mathematics. In later life he developed a style of speech and writing that, although not always polished, was marked by clarity and force. Tall, strong, and fond of action, he was a superb horseman and enjoyed the robust sports and social occasions of the Virginia planter society. At the age of 16 he was invited to join a party to survey lands owned by the Fairfax family (to which he was related by marriage) west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. His journey led him to take a lifelong interest in the development of western lands. In the summer of 1749 he was appointed official surveyor for Culpeper Co., and during the next two years he made many surveys for landowners on the Virginia frontier. In 1753 he was appointed adjutant of one of the districts into which Virginia was divided, with the rank of major.
Early Military Experience.
Washington played an important role in the struggles preceding the outbreak of the French and Indian War. He was chosen by Lt. Gov. Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia to deliver an ultimatum calling on French forces to cease their encroachment in the Ohio River valley. The young messenger was also instructed to observe the strength of French forces, the location of their forts, and the routes by which they might be reinforced from Canada. After successfully completing this mission, Washington, then a lieutenant colonel, was ordered to lead a militia force for the protection of workers who were building a fort at the Forks of the Ohio River. Having learned that the French had ousted the work party and renamed the site Fort Duquesne, he entrenched his forces at a camp named Fort Necessity and awaited reinforcements. A successful French assault obliged him to accept articles of surrender, and he departed with the remnants of his company.
Washington resigned his commission in 1754, but in May 1755 he began service as a volunteer aide-de-camp to the British general Edward Braddock, who had been sent to Virginia with a force of British regulars. A few kilometers from Fort Duquesne, Braddock抯 men were ambushed by a band of French soldiers and Indians. Braddock was mortally wounded, and Washington, who behaved gallantly during the conflict, narrowly escaped death. In August 1755 he was appointed (with the rank of colonel) to command the Virginia regiment, charged with the defense of the long western frontier of the colony. War between France and Britain was officially declared in May 1756, and while the principal struggle moved to other areas, Washington succeeded in keeping the Virginia frontier relatively safe.
The American Revolution.
After the death of his elder half brother Lawrence (1718?2), Washington inherited the plantation known as Mount Vernon. A spectacular rise in the price of tobacco during the 1730s and ?0s, combined with his marriage in 1759 to Martha Custis, a young widow with a large estate, made him one of the wealthiest men in Virginia. Elected to the House of Burgesses in 1758, he served conscientiously but without special distinction for 17 years. He also gained political and administrative experience as justice of the peace for Fairfax Co.
Like other Virginia planters, Washington became alarmed by the repressive measures of the British crown and Parliament in the 1760s and early ?0s. In July 1774 he presided over a meeting in Alexandria that adopted the Fairfax Resolves, calling for the establishment and enforcement of a stringent boycott on British imports prior to similar action by the First Continental Congress. Together with his service in the House of Burgesses, his public response to unpopular British policies won Washington election as a Virginia delegate to the First Continental Congress in September and October 1774 and to the Second Continental Congress in 1775.
The opening campaigns of the war.
When fighting broke out between Massachusetts and the British in 1775, Congress named Washington commander of its newly created Continental army, hoping thus to promote unity between New England and Virginia. He took command of the makeshift force besieging the British in Boston in mid-July, and when the enemy evacuated the city in March 1776, he moved his army to New York. Defeated there in August by Gen. William Howe, he withdrew from Manhattan to establish a new defensive line north of New York City. In November he retreated across the Hudson River into New Jersey, and a month later crossed the Delaware to safety in Pennsylvania.
Although demoralized by Howe抯 easy capture of New York City and northern New Jersey, Washington spotted the points where the British were overextended. Recrossing the icy Delaware on the night of Dec. 25, 1776, he captured Trenton in a surprise attack the following morning, and on Jan. 3, 1777, he defeated British troops at Princeton. These two engagements restored patriot morale, and by spring Washington had 8000 new recruits. Impressed by such tenacity, Howe delayed moving against Washington until late August, when he landed an army at the head of Chesapeake Bay. Wanting to fight, Washington tried unsuccessfully to block Howe抯 advance toward Philadelphia at the Battle of Brandywine Creek in September. Following the British occupation of the city, he fought a minor battle with them at Germantown, but their superior numbers forced him to retreat. Washington and his men spent the following winter at Valley Forge, west of Philadelphia. During these months, when his fortunes seemed to have reached their lowest point, he thwarted a plan by his enemies in Congress and the army to have him removed as commander in chief.
In June 1778, after France抯 entry into the war on the American side, the new British commander, Sir Henry Clinton, evacuated Philadelphia and marched overland to New York; Washington attacked him at Monmouth, N.J., but was again repulsed. Washington blamed the defeat on Gen. Charles Lee抯 insubordination during the battle梩he climax of a long-brewing rivalry between the two men.
Victory.
Washington spent the next two years in relative inactivity with his army encamped in a long semicircle around the British bastion of New York City梖rom Connecticut to New Jersey. The arrival in 1780 of about 6000 French troops in Rhode Island under the comte de Rochambeau augmented his forces, but the weak U.S. government was approaching bankruptcy, and Washington knew that he had to defeat the British in 1781 or see his army disintegrate. He hoped for a combined American-French assault on New York, but in August he received word that a French fleet was proceeding to Chesapeake Bay for a combined land and sea operation against another British army in Virginia, and reluctantly agreed to march south.
Washington and Rochambeau抯 movement of 7000 troops, half of them French, from New York State to Virginia in less than five weeks was a masterpiece of execution. Washington sent word ahead to the marquis de Lafayette, commanding American forces in Virginia, to keep the British commander, Lord Cornwallis, from leaving his base of operations at Yorktown. At the end of September the Franco-American army joined Lafayette. Outnumbering the British by two to one, and with 36 French ships offshore to prevent Yorktown from being relieved by sea, Washington forced Cornwallis to surrender in October after a brief siege. Although peace and British recognition of U.S. independence did not come for another two years, Yorktown proved to be the last major land battle of the Revolution.
Washington as a military leader.
Washington抯 contribution to American victory was enormous, and analysis of his leadership reveals much about the nature of the military and political conflict. Being selective about where and when he fought the British main force prevented his foes from using their strongest asset, the professionalism and discipline of their soldiers. At the same time, Washington remained a conventional military officer. He rejected proposals made by Gen. Charles Lee early in the war for a decentralized guerrilla struggle. As a conservative, he shrank from the social dislocation and redistribution of wealth that such a conflict would cause; as a provincial gentleman, he was determined to show that American officers could be every bit as civilized and genteel as their European counterparts. The practical result of this caution and even inhibition was to preserve the Continental army as a visible manifestation of American government when allegiance to that government was tenuous.
Political Leadership.
In one of his last acts as commander, Washington issued a circular letter to the states imploring them to form a vibrant, vigorous national government. In 1783 he returned to Mount Vernon and became in the mid-1780s an enterprising and effective agriculturalist. Shay抯 Rebellion, an armed revolt in Massachusetts (1786?7), convinced many Americans of the need for a stronger government. Washington and other Virginia nationalists were instrumental in bringing about the Constitutional Convention of 1787 to promote that end. Elected as a delegate to the convention by the Virginia General Assembly, Washington was chosen its president. In this position he played virtually no role梕ither formal or behind the scenes梚n the deliberations of the convention; however, his reticence and lack of intellectual flair may well have enhanced his objectivity in the eyes of the delegates, thereby contributing to the unself-conscious give and take that was the hallmark of the framers?deliberations. Also, the probability that Washington would be the first president may have eased the task of designing that office. His attendance at the Constitutional Convention and his support for ratification of the Constitution were important for its success in the state conventions in 1787 and 1788.
First administration.
Elected president in 1788 and again in 1792, Washington presided over the formation and initial operation of the new government. His stiff dignity and sense of propriety postponed the emergence of the fierce partisanship that would characterize the administrations of his three successors桱ohn Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison. He also made several decisions of far-reaching importance. He instituted the cabinet, although no such body was envisioned by the Constitution. He was socially aloof from Congress, thus avoiding the development of court and opposition factions. By appointing Alexander Hamilton secretary of the treasury and Thomas Jefferson secretary of state, he brought the two ablest and most principled figures of the revolutionary generation into central positions of responsibility. Washington supported the innovations in fiscal policy proposed by Hamilton梐 funded national debt, the creation of the Bank of the United States, assumption of state debts, and excise taxes, especially on whiskey, by which the federal government would assert its power to levy controversial taxes and import duties high enough to pay the interest on the new national debt. Similarly, he allowed Jefferson to pursue a policy of seeking trade and cooperation with all European nations. Washington did not foresee that Hamilton抯 and Jefferson抯 policies were ultimately incompatible. Hamilton抯 plan for an expanding national debt yielding an attractive rate of return for investors depended on a high level of trade with Britain generating enough import-duty revenue to service the debt. Hamilton therefore felt that he had to meddle in foreign policy to the extent of leaking secret dispatches to the British.
Second administration.
The outbreak of war between revolutionary France and a coalition led by Britain, Prussia, and Austria in 1793 jeopardized American foreign policy and crippled Jefferson抯 rival foreign policy design. When the French envoy, Edmond Gen阾, arrived in Charleston in April 1793 and began recruiting American privateers梐nd promising aid to land speculators who wanted French assistance in expelling Spain from the Gulf Coast梂ashington insisted, over Jefferson抯 reservations, that the U.S. denounce Gen阾 and remain neutral in the war between France and Britain. Washington抯 anti-French leanings, coupled with the aggressive attitude of the new regime in France toward the U.S., thus served to bring about the triumph of Hamilton抯 pro-British foreign policy梖ormalized by Jay抯 Treaty of 1795, which settled outstanding American differences with Britain.
The treaty梬hich many Americans felt contained too many concessions to the British梩ouched off a storm of controversy. The Senate ratified it, but opponents in the House of Representatives tried to block appropriations to establish the arbitration machinery. In a rare display of political pugnacity, Washington challenged the propriety of the House tampering with treaty making. His belligerence on this occasion cost him his prized reputation as a leader above party, but it was also decisive in securing a 51?8 vote by the House to implement the treaty. Conscious of the value of his formative role in shaping the presidency and certainly stung by the invective hurled at advocates of the Jay Treaty, Washington carefully prepared a farewell address to mark the end of his presidency, calling on the U.S. to avoid both entangling alliances and party rancor.
After leaving office in 1797, Washington retired to Mount Vernon, where he died on Dec. 14, 1799.
Evaluation.
Washington抯 place in the American mind is a fascinating chapter in the intellectual life of the nation. Washington provided his contemporaries with concrete evidence of the value of the citizen soldier, the enlightened gentleman farmer, and the realistic nationalist in stabilizing the culture and politics of the young republic. Shortly after the president抯 death, an Episcopal clergyman, Mason Locke Weems, wrote a fanciful life of Washington for children, stressing the great man抯 honesty, piety, hard work, patriotism, and wisdom. This book, which went through many editions, popularized the story that Washington as a boy had refused to lie in order to avoid punishment for cutting down his father抯 cherry tree. Washington long served as a symbol of American identity along with the flag, the Constitution, and the Fourth of July. The age of debunking biographies of American personages in the 1920s included a multivolume denigration of Washington by American author Rupert Hughes (1872?956), which helped to distort Americans?understanding of their national origins. Both the hero worship and the debunking miss the essential point that his leadership abilities and his personal principles were exactly the ones that met the needs of his own generation. As later historians have examined closely the ideas of the Founding Fathers and the nature of warfare in the Revolution, they have come to the conclusion that Washington抯 specific contributions to the new nation were, if anything, somewhat underestimated by earlier scholarship.
类似问题2：英国首相选举制度和美国总统选举有什么不同?
英国是世界上较早实行普选制的国家,其选举制度不仅对英国自身的民主政治体系具有十分重要的意义,而且对美国等西方国家民主政治体系也具有十分广泛而深远的影响.本文简单扼要的介绍了英国选举制度,及其存在的问题,并对其对中国选举制度的改革的借鉴之处,也就是英国选举制度的优点,做了重点的分析.
一、英国三大立法主体
在英国, 君主(monarch)以及下议院(又称平民院)和上议院(又称贵族院)两院(House of Commons and House of Lords)是法定的三大立法主体.当然君王的立法地位只是流于形式,而两院中的下议院又具有主导地位.
至今为止,上议院还不是通过选举产生,其中一部分议员是执政党政府建议英女王授封的终身贵族；另一部分则是世袭贵族,也就是说,他们的议员身份是由其祖先一代一代传下来的.在英国的政治议事日程上,有关上议院的改革以及是否废除上议院的争论已持续多年.经过改革,上议院中世袭贵族议员的数目已经大大减少,但其变革现仍处于进行当中.
历史上,英国议会上、下两院之间一直存在着权力斗争.这方面可以追溯到中世纪,一直延续到17世纪,下议院的权力才逐渐变得越来越大.到了20世纪初,第一次世界大战之前,英国政府处在自由党执政时期,下议院的优势已是毋庸置疑的了.在立法方面,只要是下议院通过的法案,上议院能做到的最多也只是拖延一段时间,但是却很难完全推翻有关的法案.
所以,在立法方面来说,上议院虽然仍然具有修订法律的职能,但是议会权力的中心已集中在由选民选出的659名议员所组成的下议院.下议院议员的工作是就政府提出的法案进行辩论和投票.如果这些法案在下议院得到通过的话,法案将送交上议院进行审议和最后批准.可见,一项法案的批准,经常要通过冗长的立法程序.英国并没有正式的宪法,政府执政是基于习惯法(即以过往法院判例和惯例作为依据).所以英国最终的立法权基本上掌握在下议院.
二、英国选举制度
下议院议员是通过普选产生的.凡英国公民以及爱尔兰共和国公民(其公民为选举目的时不视为外国人),年满18周岁或自选举登记公布日起12个月内将满18岁者,在没有法定的丧失选取权的情况下,并且居住在规定选举登记的选区内(根据Representation of the People Act 2000),均可以参加下议院的选举投票.投票人要参加议会选举必须在所在选区(a parliamentary constituency)进行登记,并列名在选举登记(electoral register)之中.
那么,下议院选举制度的基础又是什么样呢?整个英国被分为659个选区(parliamentary constituency),每个选区的选民人数约为五万名,每一个选区都要选出一名代表成为下议院中的议员(MP).所以,下议院一共由659名成员组成.根据最新的《2000政治党派、选举及全民投票法案》(Political Parties,Elections and Referendums Act 2000),规定原来由几个边界委员会(Boundary Commission)共同履行的职权现通归选举委员会执行(Electoral Commission),再由选举委员会根据《政治党派、选举及全民投票法案》建立四个边界委员会,在英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰各有一个.每个边界委员会由2到4名成员组成,只有选举委员会的委员或副委员才有资格担任其成员.选举委员会直接对英国议会负责,而并非对任何政府部门负责的独立机构,其最明显的功能是在大选中的规划角色：包括各选区候选人的登记功能,以及全民投票和政府行政区域划定等有关选举的重大事宜.
选举委员会将定期对每一个选区的选民进行核查,并对选区进行调整.比如说,某一个选区的选民人数增多就可能需要增加一个新的选区,而某一个选区的选民人数减少,则可能需要废弃这个选区或将其并入其他的选区.选举委员会对选区的划分以及选民登记等事项的决议,一般来讲都会得到英国各政党的认可.对选举委员会决定的诉讼在历史上来说也鲜有成功的案例.如案例：R v Boundary Commission for England,ex parte Foot [1993] QB 600.
英国下议院选举的原则是每一个选区都有数目相等的选民,每一个选民都有平等的选举权,用一句话概括来讲就是：“一人,一票,一价”(one man,one vote,one value).选举的方法是 “简单多数票当选”(first-past-the-post),即每一个选民只能投一票给一个候选人,在这个选区内获得最多数票的候选人当选为本选区的下议院议员.
选举委员会各项准备工作就绪后,包括工党、保守党以及自由民主党三个主要政党在内的英国各政党将会在整个英国各选区逐一争夺每一个议席.各政党的地方组织首先负责挑选本党在659个选区的候选人.候选人一旦确定下来,各政党就要展开激烈的竞选活动,核心是宣传自己的候选人和攻击竞选对手.竞选中,候选人会不断走访选民,发表演说.各政党还将以政治集会、设宣传车以及通过新闻媒体进行广告宣传等形式,扩大本党的影响,替本党候选人拉选票.在英国选举中,政党的影响度非常重要,候选人如果没有政党的帮助,通常根本不可能获胜.选民一般不看重候选人,反而更看重他(她)所代表的政党的总体表现.竞选一般仅持续3—4周,时间虽短,却很激烈.议会选举结束后,国王(或女王)召见多数党领袖,邀请他出任首相并着手组阁.照例,内阁名单早已拟好,议会表决通过后,新政府即告成立.最大的在野党依法成为正式的反对党,组成“影子内阁”.
三、英国选举制度的缺点和优点
英国一直坚持的“简单多数票当选”(first-past-the-post)的选举方法向来争议颇多.批评者认为,这种选举方法有失公正,因为按照这种方法,一个候选人在本选区内即使有大多数选民没有投他票的情况下,他(她)也有可能当选.比如说,A 获得了10,000张选票,B获得了7,000张选票,C获得了6,000张选票,结果就是A以最多票数当选,但是在这个选区内还是有大多数选民是不支持他的.而且从另一方面来讲,对A来说,超过7001张选票以后的选票其实都是废票.
这样的选举系统最终将导致一个政党在全国范围内所获得的选票总数和其在下议院所拥有的议席数之间没有必然的联系.比如,在1992 普选中,保守党仅获得了全国41.9%的选票,然而在下议院中却占51.6%的议席.而少数党在这种选举系统中举步履维艰,如自由民主党虽然获得了全国17%的选票,而在下议院中却只占到3.2%的议席.又如绿党在全国的得票总数可以数以万计,但是却不足以赢得某一个特定选区而没有赢得下议院议席.
在2001年6月的普选中,统计数字如下：
政党 议席 所占议席% 所占总选票%
保守党 166 25 32
工党 412 62 41
自由民主党 52 8 18
其他 29 4 10
这个统计再次说明一个党在普选中的总得票数和其在下议院中所占议席数是不平衡的.在各选区普选的竞争中,成为第二名没有太大的意义.一些党派在很多选区成为第二名,反映在下议院中占的议席数与获得第三、第四名的没有什么区别.对于小党派而言,他们要在选区中胜出的唯一的可能性之一,就是具有强烈的地方代表性,例如：苏格兰人民民族主义党的候选人在苏格兰的某选区就极有可能胜出而获得议席.
但应当指出的是,“简单多数票当选”(first-past-the-post)的选举方法也具有其优越性.这个选举方法简单易行、容易理解,能够简单迅速的获得各选区及全国的选举结果.并且议员(MP)与选区之间有着直接的联系,议员更能在下议院中代表其选区的利益发出声音,而这在其他某些选举系统中却并非如此.议员与其选区的这种联系,也使得其他一些机构,如议会行政委员(Parliamentary Commissioner for administration)的工作更有效率,因为议员能直接将本选区的不满和建议向议会行政委员提出来.另外,一个议员也能考虑到本区的实际问题来寻求解决方案.例如：一名来自拥有很多外国移民人口选区的议员,很有可能会提出一个有利于移民的议案.从另一方面来说,议员只有尽其所能地代表其选区的利益,才能在下一届为自己或本党的其他候选人赢得更多的选票.
进一步说,这种选举系统的优点还有,它一般会选出一个在下议院中占大多数议席的政党,并由这个政党组成内阁.所以当普选结束,政府以及首相实际上也随即产生了.英国现行的选举制度可以让一个政党赢得绝对多数的席位,成为执政党,而不需要与其他政党组织联合政府.因此首相、政府和议会之间会有更好的合作关系,更能有效率地开展工作.而在有些国家情况并非如此,如在有些选举制度下, 更有必要由几个政党组成联合政府,而联合政府较难获得共识,对解决急迫的政治难题上很难满足人民的要求.
虽然也有人抱怨现行的选举方法对小党派不公平,但现行的选举方法却成功的阻止了一些小的极端主义党派进入下议院.比如,在1930年由Oswald Mosley领导的“英国法西斯党”在普选中虽然在全国范围内获得了一定的选票,但是这些选民分散在全国各地,未能在任何一个选区获得最多数票,所以此党没有在当年的下议院中获得议席.而在某些国家的议院以一党的全国总得票数比例来决定在议院的议席的情况下,一些极端主义党派极有可能在议会占有一定数目的议席.
尽管如此,对于英国选举系统变革的呼声近来仍然很高.这些改革方案主要有包括选择性投票(alternative vote)、政党排名表(party list)、单一可转移投票(single transferable vote)等.一般来说,要求选举制度变革呼声最高的主要是如自由党这样一些在议会选举中一无所获的小党.而对于象工党这样的大党派来说似乎就没有太大的兴趣.引用一位英国法学家的一句话说：“我们的选举方法也许是不公平的和不令人满意的,但是别人的也一样!”
结论：
总而言之,英国的选举制度虽然有一定缺点,但也不可否认其具有重要的一些优点,比如：1)简单易行,能相对节省普选的时间和费用；2)议员(MP)和选区之间有着直接的联系,议员更能在议院中代表其选区的利益发出声音；3)可以让一个政党赢得绝对多数的席位,成为执政党,而不需要与其他政党组织联合政府,首相、政府和议会之间会有更好的合作关系,更能有效率的工作,因此能保持政局的稳定,和有利于政府高效；4)另外可以阻止一些小的极端主义党派进入议会.
英国选举制度的上述优点对于中国政治制度改革有着重要的借鉴作用,因为这四个主要的特征和优点,恰恰也是中国的实际情况最需要的,完全可能结合中国的现状而被借鉴与吸收.
美国 实行总统制,总统选举 每四年举行一次.美国总统选举制度复杂,过程漫长.选举的主要程序包括预选、各党召开全国代表大会确定总统候选人、总统候选人竞选、全国选民投票选出总统“选举人”、“选举人”成立选举人团投票表决正式选举总统和当选总统就职典礼等几个阶段.
预选是美国总统选举的第一阶段,通常从大选年的年初开始,到年中结束.预选有两种形式,分别是政党基层会议和直接预选.前者是指两党在各州自下而上,从选举点、县、选区到州逐级召开代表会议,最终选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表.后者在形式上如同普选,一个州的两党选民同一天到投票站投票选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表,这是大多数州目前采用的预选方式.
预选结束后,两党通常将分别在七、八月份召开全国代表大会.会议的主要任务是最终确定本党总统、副总统候选人,并讨论通过总统竞选纲领.
全国代表大会之后,总统竞选活动便正式拉开帷幕.这一过程一般要持续8至9周.在此期间,两党总统候选人将耗费巨资,穿梭于全国各地,进行广告大战、发表竞选演说、会见选民、召开记者招待会以及进行公开辩论.此外,候选人还将通过多种形式阐述对国内外事务的政策主张,以赢得选民信任,争取选票.
全国选民投票在选举年11月份的第一个星期一后的第一个星期二举行（2008年是11月4日）,这一天被称为总统大选日.所有美国选民都到指定地点进行投票,在两个总统候选人之间作出选择（在同一张选票上选出各州的总统“选举人”）.一个（党的）总统候选人在一个州的选举中获得多数取胜,他就拥有这个州的全部总统“选举人”票,这就是全州统选制.全国选民投票日也叫总统大选日.由于美国总统选举实行“选举人团”制度,因此总统大选日的投票结果,产生的实际上是代表50个州和哥伦比亚特区的538位“选举人”.另外,在总统大选日,选民还要在联邦范围内进行参议院和众议院选举.根据美国1787年宪法,两院议员由各州选民直接选举产生.
选举人票的数量,体现州权平等原则,根据各州在国会的议员数量而定.例如,每个州都在国会有2名参议员和至少1名众议员,所以,任何州都至少有3票.但人口多的大州,除了这3票以外,众议员人数越多,选举人票数也就越多.1961年,美国宪法修正案批准华盛顿特区可以像州一样有总统选举人.这样,美国国会有100参议员（任期6年,每两年改选三分之一）、435名众议员（任期两年,期满后全部改选）,加上华盛顿哥伦比亚特区的3票,总统选举人票总共为538票.一位候选人赢得的选举人票超过总数的一半（270张）,即当选总统.
真正的总统选举是在12月第二个星期三之后的第一个星期一举行（2008年是12月15日）.届时,各州和哥伦比亚特区被推选出的“选举人”将前往各州的首府进行投票.获270张选票以上的候选人将当选总统,并于次年1月20日宣誓就职.
就职典礼是美国总统选举的最后一道程序,只有到当选总统于次年1月20日手抚《圣经》,宣誓就职时,美国的总统选举才告结束.
类似问题3：关于美国总统选举制度既然美国总统选举只有538票,（应该是每个州都分一定量的票吧）,那为什么又说是全民选举,鼓励大家选举呢?
总的来说,目前的美国总统选举需要经过以下四个阶段：候选人提名、竞选、选举总统选举人,最后由选举人投票选出总统.
一、候选人提名：
一般上,在总统选举年的6月,各政党由各州选派代表参加全国代表大会,在会议上提名总统候选人.(当然,提名总统候选人并不是党的全国代表大会的唯一任务,代表大会还要通过党的各个委员会的报告和党的纲领
二、竞选阶段：
总统选举程序的第二阶段是由获得政党提名的候选人在全国范围内进行竞选.
美国公民满18岁就可以投票但是作用不大,因为每个州都设有超级代表、代表团.要看代表团和超级代表的票数.
\x100美国大选中公民投票被称为普选（General Election）,其作用是选举出各州的选举人组成选举人团,以确定该州的选举人票归属.因而可以说美国总统的大选并不是由美国公民直接选举产生.这一制度可以简单的理解为：美国公民选出本州直接参与选举总统的选举人【也就是超级代表】,然后作为代表进行投票,这些参与直接选举的选举人所投的选票即为选举人票.
美国全部“选举人票”共538张,是参议员（100名）、众议员（435名）、华盛顿特区代表（3名）的总数.参议员按州分配,50州每州2名；众议员按人口产生,约70多万人选出一名超级代表
类似问题4：英语翻译In a state where the Democrats are dominant,a voter who hopes they will lose may well register as Democrat so as to vote in the Democratic primary,but during the general election he or she will vote for Republican candidates.尤其是第[英语科目]
在民主党占主导地位的国家,希望他们输掉选举的投票者会在民主党初选中作为民主党登记投票,但在大选中他或她将投票给共和党的候选人.
如果有问题可以再问我~
类似问题5：谁有英文的介绍美国总统的文章?[英语科目]
奥巴马的
Barack Obama
From Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia
"Barack" and "Obama" redirect here.For other uses,see Barak (disambiguation) and Obama (disambiguation).
For the Kenyan economist,Obama's father,see Barack Obama,Sr..
Barack Obama
44th President of the United States
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 20,2009
Vice President\x05Joe Biden
Preceded by\x05George W.Bush
United States Senator
from Illinois
In office
January 3,2005 – November 16,2008
Preceded by\x05Peter Fitzgerald
Succeeded by\x05Roland Burris
Member of the Illinois Senate
from the 13th District
In office
January 8,1997 – November 4,2004
Preceded by\x05Alice Palmer
Succeeded by\x05Kwame Raoul
Personal details
Born\x05Barack Hussein Obama II
August 4,1961 (age 49)[1]
Honolulu,Hawaii[2]
Political party\x05Democratic Party
Spouse(s)\x05Michelle Robinson Obama
Children\x05Malia,Sasha
Residence\x05White House (official)
Chicago,Illinois (private)
Alma mater\x05Occidental College
Columbia University (B.A.)
Harvard Law School (J.D.)
Profession\x05Community organizer
Lawyer
Constitutional law professor
Author
Religion\x05Christian[3]
Signature\x05
Website\x05The White House
Barack Obama
This article is part of a series on
Barack Obama
Background · Illinois Senate · U.S.Senate · Political positions · Public image · Family · 2008 primaries · Obama–Biden campaign · Transition · Inauguration · Electoral history · Presidency (Timeline '09,'10,'11,First 100 days) · Nobel Peace Prize · Re-election campaign more...
Barack Hussein Obama II (i /bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4,1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States.He is the first African American to hold the office.Obama previously served as a United States senator from Illinois,from January 2005 until he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
A native of Honolulu,Hawaii,Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School,where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review.He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree.He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004.
Obama served three terms representing the 13th district in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000,he ran for United States Senate in 2004.Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign,including his victory in the March 2004 Democratic primary and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004.He won election to the U.S.Senate in Illinois in November 2004.His presidential campaign began in February 2007,and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton,he won his party's nomination.In the 2008 presidential election,he defeated Republican nominee John McCain,and was inaugurated as president on January 20,2009.In October 2009,Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate.
As president,Obama signed economic stimulus legislation in the form of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in February 2009 and the Tax Relief,Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization,and Job Creation Act of 2010 in December 2010.Other domestic policy initiatives include the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the Don't Ask,Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010.
In foreign policy,Obama gradually withdrew combat troops from Iraq,increased troop levels in Afghanistan,signed the New START arms control treaty with Russia,and ordered enforcement of the United Nations-sanctioned no-fly zone over Libya in early 2011.On May 1,2011,Obama announced that a small team of American military forces,acting on his direct order,had killed al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden in Pakistan.
In April 2011,Obama declared his intention to seek re-election in the 2012 presidential election.[4]
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4
Of the electoral system
United States presidential election implemented indirect election system.First of all state voters by the state electoral vote (the number of Members of Parliament and state equal numbers),at the same time by the state electoral vote in the state capital are,the Vice-President.Members of the introduction of direct election system of election.Representatives from the states voters directly elected; senators from the states first parliamentary elections in 1913 the entry into force of section 17 of the amendment to the Constitution,senators are directly elected by voters states.Governor,legislators and judges in some states,an important administrative officials elected by the voters.General elections at various levels arranged by the two parties.In order to ensure the dominance of the two parties,generally implement the single-constituency system and the majority representation system.
[] Eligible voters who have reached the age of 18 United States citizens eligible to vote,with the exception of North Dakota,other states,voters must be obtained in advance to register in order to vote.