求2篇关于咖啡伴侣(植脂末)的英文文献 最好带翻译.
编辑： admin 2017-09-03
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Non-dairy creamers are liquid or granular substances intended to substitute for milk or cream as an additive to coffee or other beverages.They do not contain lactose and are therefore not dairy products; accordingly,some parts of the world require the alternate term non-dairy whiteners that does not imply the presence of real cream.
The first commercial powdered creamer was "Pream" in 1952; made from dehydrated cream and sugar it had the problem of not dissolving easily because of the protein in the milk.[1] Six years later Carnation developed "Coffee-Mate Non Dairy Creamer",which did dissolve as it replaced most of the milk product with dried vegetable oil.[1]
The world's first non-dairy powdered creamer,Coffeemate,was first introduced to the American public in 1961.Coffeemate now sells twenty varieties of powder creamer and thirty-eighty varieties of liquid creamer,the most common flavors being The Original Coffee Creamer,French Vanilla,and Hazelnut which come in Regular,Fat-Free,and Sugar-Free.[2]
At one point in time,somebody,somewhere decided to see if powdered coffee creamer would ignite in midair,and surely to their amazement,they found that large quantities make beautiful,and pleasant-smelling fireballs.The amateur film scene has jumped on this opportunity to create hollywood-style explosions on a low budget.All one needs is non-dairy creamer,an ignition source (a burning coal or a road flare for example),and a way to propel the creamer (i.e.compressed air or bike pump).One of the key advantages in using coffee creamer is that it only burns in midair; as soon as the creamer touches the ground,it goes out,making coffee creamer a much safer alternative to using gasoline.[4]
奶精（Non-dairy creamer）是一种用来添加於咖啡、红茶里或者淋於果冻、茶冻、龟苓膏上方,用来增加食物风味以及滑顺口感的食品添加物.
奶精的主要成分是氢化植物油、玉米糖浆、酪蛋白、香料、食用色素等,并不含牛奶成份,因此保存上也不需要冷藏.油脂成分可增加食物滑顺口感,但同时也增加热量摄取（1份奶油球热量约为35～45大卡,1汤匙奶精粉热量约为45～55大卡）.其中的氢化植物油成分,含有许多反式脂肪酸,可能增加罹患心肌梗塞、动脉硬化等心血管疾病的机率.
奶精通常作白色液态或粉状.液态的奶精通常被包装在小型塑胶容器中,又称奶油球、植脂奶,使用时撕开上方包装纸倒出.
Creamer,a small,disposible plastic sealed cup containing cream to be used for coffee or tea with a pull-back tab allowing users to open and pour out its contents
另外还有粉状的奶精,又称植脂末,可能是罐装或者分装成小包装,以便使用.
咖啡伴侣（英文：Coffee-Mate）是雀巢公司的粉末状奶精品牌,於1961年开始生产,为世界上第一种奶精.由於该奶精不含牛奶成份,故此可以在不冷藏的情况下仍可避免变坏.
自从1961年首度生产后,雀巢公司也引入了其他数种不同类型的咖啡伴侣,如1989年的低脂咖啡伴侣及液态咖啡伴侣等.
类似问题
类似问题1：泡咖啡时,除了糖还需加入的那种咖啡伴侣用英文怎么说阿
coffee-mate,也可以说：cream
类似问题2：英语翻译Fig.1 shows that diamond particles are dispersed in thecopper matrix.Since the diamond particles are easy to bestripped off during mechanical polishing,small pits are lefton the surface of samples.When the samples were analyzedby electron[英语科目]
Fig.1 shows that diamond particles are dispersed in the
copper matrix.
图形一展示了 钻石颗粒可以分散在铜质型片里
Since the diamond particles are easy to be
stripped off during mechanical polishing,small pits are left
on the surface of samples.
由于这些钻石颗粒在化学抛光的过程中很容易分离出来,所以样品的表面会留下小凹痕
When the samples were analyzed
by electron probe for carbon,the particles displayed high
carbon peaks,as shown in Fig.2.
当这些样品电子探针被分解时,这些微粒表现出高的碳值（carbon peak是某化学术语吧,不了解）就如2图所示
Fig.3 exhibits the analyzed result for extracted
product of the copper–diamond composite by X-ray
diffraction (XRD) analysis.
(图三展示了对铜钻石的提取物质用X-ray(XRD分析方法）分析的分析结果).
It is shown that three diffraction peaks exist,shown as A,B and C,respectively.
（他说明如果衍射峰存在的话,就分别像A,B,C）
The interplanar distances corresponding to the three
peaks and standard ones for diamond are compared in
Table 1.
（这些对应三个峰的晶面间的距离,和标准值在图一中作了对比）
The measured values of the interplanar distances
are in good agreement with the standard ones,demon-
strating that the extracted product should be the carbon
in diamond state.
(经过测试的晶面间的距离和标准值一致,说明这些提取物质应该是钻石形态时的碳 ）（神马竟然还有钻石形态,总不能是钻石州吧）
Fig.4(a) gives a TEM micrograph showing distribution
and morphology of diamond particles (indicated as A,B,
and C) in the copper–diamond composite.
图四A是一个TEM显微照片展示了铜钻石合成体的的分布及形态,就如ABC图所展示的
The calibration of interplanar distance for diffraction rings in Fig.4(b) was
given in Table 2.
图四晶面间的距离衍射环的校准在图表2中
Compared to Table 1,it is also demonstrated that the calibrated interplanar distances for the
diffraction rings conform to the standard ones of diamond.
与一相比,他也说明了图四晶面间的距离衍射环的校准与标准样本相符
Therefore,it is believed that the graphitization of diamond
particles hardly occurs after sintering at 1150–1220 K in the copper–diamond composite.
所以说,钻石颗粒的石墨化几乎不会发生在尽力了1150-1220k在铜钻化合物烧结过后
Although diamond is a metastable allotropic modification of carbon,the graphitization of diamond particles in the copper–diamond composite did not occur,or the degree of
graphitization was too small to be found.
（尽管钻石是碳的同素异形体,钻石的石墨化在铜钻化合物中不会发生,或者就是石墨化程度很小,没有发现）
It is believed that the beginning temperature of graphi-
tization would be associated with the purity of diamond powders.
我们相信石墨化的温度和钻石的纯度有关
The impurities such as some metallic elements reduce the beginning temperature of diamond graphitization.
像金属元素这些杂志,减低了需要石墨化的温度
When diamond is fabricated by the static synthesis method,Fe and Ni are often used as catalysts and are present in diamond as impurities to decrease the beginning
temperature of graphitization
（在用静电合成方法构造钻石时,Fe和镍是作为催化剂的,他们也作为杂质减低了钻石石墨化的温度）
[6].It is understandable that both for the graphitization and its reverse reactions,their
activation energies can be decreased by catalytic agents.
（这很容易理解,石墨化合它的逆向反应,他们的发生能力都会因为催化剂而降低）
Compared with the diamond fabricated by static synthesis,the diamond powders prepared by explosion method do not contain metallic impurities,thus leading to an obvious
increase in the beginning temperature of graphitization.
（与用静电合成方法构造的钻相比石,用爆炸方法取得的钻石不包含金属杂志,提高了石墨化的起始的温度）
Hence,the detonation synthetic diamond might be more
resistant to graphitization and probably suitable for the
electric contact materials.
（因此,爆炸合成的钻石更加能抵制石墨化,同时也更合适和电接触的物质,就是带电体）
类似问题3：英语翻译The paper presents a new variational computing based medical image segmentation method by using Cellular Neural Networks (CNN).我自己的翻译是：本文提出了一种新的使用细胞神经网络（CNN）技术的基于变分计算[英语科目]
本文介绍了一个新的用细胞神经网络（CNN）变分计算为基础的医学图像分割方法.
类似问题4：英语翻译As suggested in the literature,theeffect of sales promotions on brand equity differs according to the type ofpromotional tool used.Monetary promotions (i.e.,price discounts) have anegative influence on perceived quality whereas non-moneta[英语科目]
人工翻译,请审阅
正如文献中阐明的,促销对品牌资产的影响根据所用促销手段的类型而有所不同.货币性促销（即价格折让）对感知质量产生负面影响,而非货币性促销（即礼品）对感知质量和品牌关联度产生正面的影响.尽管货币促销对品牌关联度有非显著的影响,但这些结果是有意义的.
最后,研究发现表明,品牌资产维度内在相关.品牌意识对感知质量和品牌关联度有正面影响,从而又影响到品牌的忠诚度.与预测相反,感知质量对品牌忠诚度有微小而负面的影响.这一发现表明,与以往的研究（例如,Bravo等人,2007年）相符,品质并不是一个成功品牌的保证.
类似问题5：英语翻译In this analysis we use average costs largely derivedfrom aggregate data.While our estimates lack the precision of a more specificcase study,these estimates provide an overall sense of the magnitude ofvarious types of external costs gener[英语科目]
在本文的分析中我们使用平均成本在很大程度上是由聚合数据.虽然我们的估计缺乏一个更specificcase研究精度,这些估计提供了一个整体的意义的幅度、各种类型的外部成本的产生和卡车货运铁路与全国平均的私人成本.如果公共政策的制定tointernalize这些外部成本在总的意义上,一些运营商的eithermode会多付,而其他人会付.orunderpayment多付的金额将取决于组合的平均成本和在特定环境下的边际成本之间的差额.总之,除非你能准确地估计每单位运输边际社会成本（例如,每吨英里）inwidely不同的情况下,两种选择都是可能的.一是ignoreexternal成本和估计用户收费和税收仅仅依据公共设施的使用或其他服务由公共部门提供；二是反映外部成本和在每个运输方式的接受程度不同方向的资助加一些均匀电荷.在本文的分析倾向于第二种选择和发展的保守估计的平均成本在农村地区,这种成本的变化可能比小于不同城市之间的情况下.