语法1.--Do you have any idea
编辑： admin 2017-01-03
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1,A 强调句型,it was ...that...,强调句型不用when
2,D对的,wear ,sell 用主动形式表示被动意义.布耐穿,布好卖
3,C对的,when引导一个定语从句,因为先行词period是表示时间,所以用when作状语
4,A对的,完全倒装,正常语序是：The food of a large variety lay right there on...
提示：
英语语法结构
表语：表语是用来说明主语的性质, 身份, 特征和状态。
表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。
副词：
副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。如:often往往,here这里,very很,quickly很快地。
一般来说：
1。修饰动词的词语就是副词，如beat it heavil...
类似问题
类似问题1：高一英语语法[英语科目]
11. 动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1） 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用.时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday.例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家.
2） 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实.例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动.
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部.
3） 表示格言或警句.例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败.
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时.
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的.
4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性.例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多.
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行.
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子.
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课.
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作.第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时.
返回动词的时态目录
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态.例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等.例如：
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2）表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作.例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎.
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了".例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了.
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了.
would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'.例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧.
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在.例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些.
比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间.）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州.）
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去）
注意： 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气.
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等.例如：
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下.
2）情态动词 could, would.例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
返回动词的时态目录
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在.例如：
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘.
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步.
be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词.例如：
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了.
典型例题
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时.
返回动词的时态目录
11.4 一般将来时
1） shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替.will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称.例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?
2） be going to +不定式,表示将来.
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事.例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. 计划,安排要发生的事.例如：The play is going to be produced next month.这出戏下月开播.
c. 有迹象要发生的事.例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了.
3） be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事.例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告.
4） be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事.例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京.
注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用.
返回动词的时态目录
11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿.例如：
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
返回动词的时态目录
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划.例如：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球.（客观安排）
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球.（主观安排）
返回动词的时态目录
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情.例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后.
2）以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行.例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了.
3）在时间或条件句中.例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你.
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中.例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了.
返回动词的时态目录
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来.例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了.
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
返回动词的时态目录
11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态.其构成：have （has） +过去分词.
返回动词的时态目录
11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响.
2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语.
一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语.
现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语.
共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等.
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know..
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等.例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争）
He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）
He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时.
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
返回动词的时态目录
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time. that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时.例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市.
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌.
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时.例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影.
典型例题
（1） ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B.
（2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时.
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用.即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的.
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
返回动词的时态目录
11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度.例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了.
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了.
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时.
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作.）
I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作.）
注意：用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用.
1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
返回动词的时态目录
11.13 since的四种用法
1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）.例如：
I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿.
2） since +一段时间+ ago.例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了.
3） since +从句.例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了.
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了.
4） It is +一段时间+ since从句.例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了.
返回动词的时态目录
11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1） 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用.例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作. （表结果）
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了.（表经历）
2） 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……".例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来.
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点.
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述.再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时.
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时.
返回动词的时态目录
11.15 过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成.
那时以前 那时 现在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句.例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时；发生在后,用一般过去时.例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了.
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…".例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来.
3） 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as.例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了.
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时.句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生.因此前一句应用过去进行时.
注意： had hardly… when 还没等…… 就…….例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我.
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就…….例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了.
返回动词的时态目录
11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1） 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时.例如：
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了.
2 ） 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时.例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3） 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时.例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
返回动词的时态目录
11.17 将来完成时
1） 构成will have done
2） 概念
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态.例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了.
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验.例如：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了.
返回动词的时态目录
11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法：
a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情.例如：
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你.
b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行.例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说.（说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态.）
c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等.例如：
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红.
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了.
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往带有说话人的主观色彩.例如：
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意.
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时.
返回动词的时态目录
11.19 不用进行时的动词
1）表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等.例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟.
This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的.
2）表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等.例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助.
He loves her very much. 他爱她很深.
3）瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等.例如：
I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告.
4）系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等.例如：
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累.
返回动词的时态目录
11.20 过去进行时
1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作.
2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生.
3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等.例如：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤.
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂.
典型例题
1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时.同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时.
2） As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为"当……之时".描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生.句意为 "在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了."句中的 fell（fall的过去时）,是系动词,后跟形容词,如：fall sick.
参考资料：http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/13015035.html
类似问题2：求高一英语语法?还有奖励积分1[英语科目]
动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1） 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用.时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday.例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家.
2） 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实.例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动.
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部.
3） 表示格言或警句.例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败.
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时.
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的.
4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性.例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多.
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行.
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子.
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课.
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作.第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时.
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11.2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态.例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等.例如：
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2）表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作.例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎.
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了".例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了.
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了.
would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'.例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧.
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在.例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些.
比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间.）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州.）
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去）
注意： 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气.
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等.例如：
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下.
2）情态动词 could, would.例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
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11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在.例如：
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘.
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步.
be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词.例如：
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了.
典型例题
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时.
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11.4 一般将来时
1） shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替.will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称.例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?
2） be going to +不定式,表示将来.
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事.例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. 计划,安排要发生的事.例如：The play is going to be produced next month.这出戏下月开播.
c. 有迹象要发生的事.例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了.
3） be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事.例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告.
4） be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事.例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京.
注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用.
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11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿.例如：
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
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11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划.例如：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球.（客观安排）
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球.（主观安排）
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11.7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情.例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后.
2）以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行.例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了.
3）在时间或条件句中.例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你.
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中.例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了.
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11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来.例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了.
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
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11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态.其构成：have （has） +过去分词.
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11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响.
2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语.
一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语.
现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语.
共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等.
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know..
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等.例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争）
He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）
He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时.
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
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11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time. that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时.例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市.
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌.
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时.例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影.
典型例题
（1） ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B.
（2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时.
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用.即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的.
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
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11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度.例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了.
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了.
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时.
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作.）
I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作.）
注意：用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用.
1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
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11.13 since的四种用法
1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）.例如：
I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿.
2） since +一段时间+ ago.例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了.
3） since +从句.例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了.
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了.
4） It is +一段时间+ since从句.例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了.
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11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1） 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用.例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作. （表结果）
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了.（表经历）
2） 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……".例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来.
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点.
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述.再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时.
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时.
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11.15 过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成.
那时以前 那时 现在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句.例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时；发生在后,用一般过去时.例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了.
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…".例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来.
3） 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as.例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了.
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时.句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生.因此前一句应用过去进行时.
注意： had hardly… when 还没等…… 就…….例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我.
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就…….例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了.
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11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1） 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时.例如：
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了.
2 ） 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时.例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3） 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时.例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
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11.17 将来完成时
1） 构成will have done
2） 概念
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态.例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了.
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验.例如：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了.
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11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法：
a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情.例如：
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你.
b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行.例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说.（说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态.）
c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等.例如：
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红.
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了.
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩.例如：
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意.
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时.
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11.19 不用进行时的动词
1）表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等.例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟.
This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的.
2）表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等.例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助.
He loves her very much. 他爱她很深.
3）瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等.例如：
I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告.
4）系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等.例如：
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累.
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11.20 过去进行时
1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作.
2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生.
3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等.例如：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤.
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂.
典型例题
1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时.同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时.
2） As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为"当……之时".描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生.句意为 "在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了."句中的 fell（fall的过去时）,是系动词,后跟形容词,如：fall sick.
类似问题3：高一英语语法有那些[英语科目]
一.直接引语和间接引语
（一）直接引述别人的原话,叫做直接引语；用自己话转述别人的话,叫做间接引语.间接引语一般构成宾语从句.直接引语必须放在引号内,间接引语则不用引号.直接引语改为间接引语时,除将引语部分变成宾语从句外,还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变.
1.时态的变化：直接引语变为间接引语时,通常受转述动词said,asked等的影响而使用过去化的时态,即把原来的时态向过去推,也就是一般现在时变为一般过去时,现在进行时变为过去进行时,等等.例如：
Tom said to me,“My brother is doing his homework.”
→Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework.
2.人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的变化：根据意义进行相应的变化,例如：
She asked Jack,“Where have you been?”
→She asked Jack where he had been.
He said,“These books are mine.”
→He said that those books were his.
（二）直接引语改为间接引语时,都使用陈述语序,但是因为原句的句式不同,所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会有所不同.直接引语如果是一般疑问句,用连接词whether或if；如果是特殊疑问句,则用疑问词引导间接引语.转述的动词一般用asked,可以在其后加上一个间接宾语me,him,her,us等.如：
She said,“Is your father at home?”
→She asked me if/whether my father was at home.
“What do you do every Sunday?”My friend asked me.
→My friend asked me what I did every Sunday.
直接引语如果是祈使句,改为间接引语时,要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式,并在不定式的前面根据原句的语气（即请求或命令）加上ask,tell,order等动词,如果祈使句为否定式,则在不定式前加not.其句型为：ask / tell / order someone (not) to do something.例如：
She said to us,“Please sit down.”
→She asked us to sit down.
He said to him,“Go away!”
→He ordered him to go away.
He said,“Don’t make so much noise,boys.”
→He told the boys not to make so much noise.
二.各种时态的被动语态
被动语态概述
被动语态的概念：它是动词的一种形式,表示主语与谓语之间的执行或被执行关系.主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者,例如：They saw the little boy crying by the river.被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者,例如：The little boy was seen crying by the river.
被动语态的构成
被动语态的形式是由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成.助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态等的不同而变化.几种常见时态的被动语态形式如下：
1.一般现在时 am/is/are + 过去分词
例如：Rice is planted in the south of China.
2.一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词
例如：These trees were planted the year before last.
3.一般将来时 will/shall + be + 过去分词
例如：A sports meeting will be held next week in our school.
4.现在进行时 am/is/are + being + 过去分词
例如：Your radio is being repaired now.
5.过去进行时 was/were + being + 过去分词
When he got there,the problem was being discussed.
6.现在完成时 have/has + been + 过去分词
His work has been finished.
Has his work been finished?Yes,it has./ No,it hasn’t.
7.过去完成时 had + been + 过去分词
注意：
1．除了be之外的其它系动词如get,stay等也可以和过去分词构成被动语态.例如：Their questions haven’t got answered.
2.含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态使用“情态动词+ be + 过去分词”结构.例如：
More attention should be paid to the old in this country.
This work can’t be done until Mr.Black comes.
3.含有“be going to”,“be to”等结构的谓语,其被动语态分别用“be going to + be + 过去分词”和“be to + be + 过去分词”.例如：
The problem is going to be discussed at the next meeting.
All these books are to be taken to the library.
4.被动语态与系表结构的区别：“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”构成的系表结构,与被动语态的形式完全一样,所以应注意它们的区别.被动语态中的过去分词是动词,多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词,多强调状态.前者通常可用by 引出动作的执行者,而后者则不可以.例如：
The map was changed by someone.（被动结构）
That custom remained unchanged for many centuries.（系表结构）
系表结构中的过去分词通常可被very修饰,被动语态中的过去分词往往要用much修饰.
例如：
He was very excited.（系表结构）
He was much excited by her words.（被动结构）
5.主动形式表被动意义.有些动词的主动形式有被动意味,如 open,read,sell,shut,wash,wear,write等.此时句子的主语一般是物.例如：
These books sell well.这些书很畅销.
The door won’t shut.这门关不上.
The clothes wash well.这些衣服很好洗.
类似问题4：1、The flowers___sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.A to smell B smelling C smelt D to be smelt2、The old man,___abroad for twenty years,is on the way back to his motherland.A to work B working C to have worked[英语科目]
1.c 被闻起来好甜
2.b
3.b
4.d
5.d
类似问题5：语法1.（C）Premier Wen Jiabao visited the United States led to the closer relationship between the two countries.A.Which B.What C.That D.As 2.--Hi,are you an engineer in Lenovo Group?--No,but I ( B )A.want to B.want to be C.want so D.want it3.The[英语科目]
1,That 在这里引导主语从句,that不做成分,因此that 后面的从句是一个完整的句子 that .United States是一个主语从句,后面的led是整个句子的谓语动词. 而which what as 都要在从句中作成分.2.答案是I want to be,但是...